Fuji Research Institute (MFRI), 5597-1 Kenmarubi Kamiyoshida Fujiyoshida-Shi, Yamanashi, 403-0005, Japan, Department of Conservation, PO Box 528, Taupo, 3351, New Zealand, You can also search for this author in particles generally travel further and cover a greater area in Vulcanian eruptions (Nairn and Self 1978; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Geology 41(5):559562, Hadisantono RD, Andreastuti MCHSD, Abdurachman EK, Sayudi DS, Nursusanto I, Martono A, Sumpena AD, Muzani M (2002) Peta Kawasan Rawan Bencana Gung Api Merapi, Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta scale 1:50 000 Direktorat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Bandung, Harris AJL, Ripepe M, Hughes EA (2012) Detailed analysis of particle launch velocities, size distributions and gas densities during normal explosions at Stromboli. Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) and lava flows are not included in a hazard zone but are mentioned as a possibility in all valleys. Part of Springer Nature. Communication and risk management methods vary with changing eruptive states. 2010). 2001; Twigg 2002; Gregg et al. Springer, Berlin, pp 675698, Booth B (1979) Assessing volcanic risk. Accessed 19 Oct 2015, Kaneko T, Maeno F, Nakada S (2016) 2014 Mount Ontake eruption: characteristics of the phreatic eruption as inferred from aerial observations. ff ei oegfktkr0 heddkr pufeck nrgdfkits fexko wetb neikr gsb, 9>? Ontake: eyewitnesses or eruption. In: Scarpa R, Tilling RI (eds) Monitoring and mitigation of volcanic hazards. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Steinberg G, Lorenz V (1983) External ballistic of volcanic explosions. In a volcanic crisis (when the volcano is showing signs of unrest or is in eruption) communication and emergency management processes and products move toward response (Fig. We wish to thank Bill McGuire and an anonymous reviewer for their thorough and constructive reviews. change rainfall/runoff relationships. 2014). Many volcanoes around the world have been targeted for 2006; Pistolesi et al. As such they were described on the background hazard map for the volcano (Fig. schools and the visitor centre, and evacuation buildings and ports. Ballistic projectiles are considered a common adverse hazard within 10 km of the event but are not even considered beyond that, whereas tephra fallout is a very frequent hazard under 10 km and is still a common hazard at 100-500 km distance from the event.
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tephra falls and ballistic projectiles