Gynaecol. General movements quality, as well as their variability and modulation in intensity and velocity, could be valid indicators of fetal neurodevelopment, in particular concerning supra-spinal control on motor activity (Moreira Neto and Porovic, 2018). Sci. (2020). In some cases, the healthcare providers recommend around 28 WGA the count to 10 method: the mother counts the number of FMs every day, at the same hour, verifying that they occur not <10 times in a 23-h period (Bryant et al., 2020). Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia. During this period, yawning develops (Borsani et al., 2019). B., Attridge, J., McGahren, E. D., et al. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e31824b02ad, Tong, L., and Kalish, B. T. (2020). The endotoxemia, through lipopolysaccharide molecules, seems to interfere with the cardiac pacemaker synchronization system, altering the fHRV pattern (Frasch and Giussani, 2020). (2009). Both gross motor activity and breathing FMs, particularly during early gestation, represent an important evaluative parameter for fetal neurobehavior and to predict future neurodevelopmental disorders. Reprod. Indeed, several animal studies and even some human studies have shown that many factors (e.g., malnutrition, high level of stress, toxic exposure) during early, mid, and late gestation can impair brain and ANS development/regulation, thus inducing biological and behavioral alterations. The intrapartum deceleration in center stage: a physiologic approach to the interpretation of fetal heart rate changes in labor. (2016). A short review of adipokines, smooth muscle and uterine contractility. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.10.007. Care 26, 534.e9534.e17. (2021). Several factors can normally affect the sleep states of the mother during pregnancy: the hormonal, biomechanical, and behavioral changes that occur during the three trimesters, often lead to increased sleep disturbances, particularly in the last trimester (Sahota et al., 2003; Pien and Schwab, 2004; Facco et al., 2010; Mindell et al., 2015). Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Social interactions, including skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborns, help increase ANS maturation as well as stress responsivity and circadian rhythms, in particular in preterm infants (Ulmer Yaniv et al., 2021). The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflexlinking immunity and metabolism. doi: 10.1080/00016340802220352, Kadhim, H., Tabarki, B., Verellen, G., De Prez, C., Rona, A. M., and Sbire, G. (2001). Inadequate maternal nutrition could also lead to excessive weight gain and gestational diabetes, with negative outcomes for the fetus (AlSaif et al., 2015; Edlow, 2017; Peterson et al., 2020; Tong and Kalish, 2020). In addition, this paper will focus on which factorsi.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposuremay have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned critical window and how. Toxics 6:38. doi: 10.3390/toxics6030038, Kasahara, Y., Yoshida, C., Nakanishi, K., Fukase, M., Suzuki, A., and Kimura, Y. J. Perinat. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01764.1989, Tsuda, K., Iwata, S., Mukai, T., Shibasaki, J., Takeuchi, A., Ioroi, T., et al. Neurotoxicol. 1, 3342. A., and Visser, G. H. A. doi: 10.1159/000488106, Morton, S. U., and Brodsky, D. (2016). The effects of maternal hyperoxia on fetal breathing movements, body movements and heart rate variation in growth retarded fetuses. Eight-years old children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), depression or conduct disorder showed, respectively, distinct signatures of HRV compared to controls and it has been proposed that, at least for ASD etiology, such abnormalities in HRV may be detected as early as in utero where they may be induced by asymptomatic inflammatory events altering ANS, among other systems (Frasch et al., 2019, 2021).
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which intrinsic homeostatic response is the fetus demonstrating