For example, a child might say that it is windy outside because someone is blowing very hard, or the clouds are white because someone painted them that color. Their whole view of the world may shift. Different groups of people, particularly those who are indigenous to an area, have established their own practices and approaches to this spirit world. The romantics saw science and poetry as an integrated whole. People feel that everything happens for a reason, that there is a grand plan, and that there is someone pulling all the cosmic strings. Borke (1975) found, using the mountains model three-year-olds selected a correct view 42% of the time and four-year-olds selected the right view 67% of the time. A teddy bear, for example, can be a baby or the queen of a faraway land! To be more technical, conservation is the ability to understand that redistributing material does not affect its mass, number or volume. J. Piaget, Sociological studies, 270-286. | 11 The word operationrefers to the use of logical rules, so sometimes this stage is misinterpreted as implying that children are illogical. (Piaget 1929). Most likely, they think that their view is what everybody sees. Humans have souls, as do animals, insects, plants, bodies of water, rocks, mountains, weather systems, and so on. One example of animism can be seen in Indigenous languages. Others describe shamanism as encompassing a wide range of approaches. Animism believes in the existence of good and bad souls, and ancient religions often used spells and incantations to ward off evil spirits and invite the company of good ones. Examples of Animism can be seen in forms of Shinto, Hinduism, Buddhism, pantheism, Paganism, and Neopaganism. Everyone experiences some form of fate, some more powerful than others. People who believe in synchronicity see events in life as connected, and that there is no cause and effect. New York, NY: International University Press. In this view, loved ones who have died and other spirits may also live at this level, even though we cannot see them. His world-conception is highly animistic. Martin Hughes (1975) argued that the three mountains task did not make sense to children and was made more difficult because the children had to match the dolls view with a photograph.
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