Other Jewish authors of the period, such as Bruno Schulz, Julian Tuwim, Marian Hemar, Emanuel Schlechter and Bolesaw Lemian, as well as Konrad Tom and Jerzy Jurandot, were less well known internationally, but made important contributions to Polish literature. Jews fought with the Polish Armed Forces in the West, in the Soviet formed Polish People's Army as well as in several underground organizations and as part of Polish partisan units or Jewish partisan formations. [citation needed], The permanent council established at the instance of the Russian government (17731788) served as the highest administrative tribunal, and occupied itself with the elaboration of a plan that would make practicable the reorganization of Poland on a more rational basis. The Polish commander of one Jewish unit, Waclaw Micuta, described them as some of the best fighters, always at the front line. [citation needed], Under foreign rule many Jews inhabiting formerly Polish lands were indifferent to Polish aspirations for independence. Woj.woyskie, 1931. Official Polish Passport and Citizenship Application During the occupation of Poland, the Germans used various laws to separate ethnic Poles from Jewish ones. After he was liberated from Auschwitz he went to the US, had my father and then me. [249] Over 150,000 of them were repatriated or expelled back to new communist Poland along with the Jewish men conscripted to the Red Army from Kresy in 19401941. They hid other Jews, forged necessary documents and were active in the Polish underground in other parts of Warsaw and the surrounding area. In the 2011 Polish census, 7,353 Polish citizens declared their nationality as "Jewish," a big increase from just 1,055 during the previous 2002 census. You can claim citizenship if you have a . During the next year and a half, Jews from smaller cities and villages were brought into the Warsaw Ghetto, while diseases (especially typhoid) and starvation kept the inhabitants at about the same number. [194] By the end of 1941 all Jews in German-occupied Poland, except the children, had to wear an identifying badge with a blue Star of David. [131] In the capital of Brze in 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of general population and some 80.3% of private enterprises were owned by Jews. In 13881389, broad privileges were extended to Lithuanian Jews including freedom of religion and commerce on equal terms with the Christians. The commission, led by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., concluded in its Morgenthau Report that allegations of pogroms were exaggerated. [269] A 1945 memorandum by the Joint states that "the new economic tendency of the Polish government is against, or at least makes difficulties in, getting back the Jewish property robbed by the German authorities.
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