According to Sufi saints, God is the beloved of the lover ('Mashook") i.e. They believed in a formless and shapeless God which was the Supreme power. [89] Yet given the "mountains of Nirguni bhakti literature", adds Lorenzen, bhakti for Nirguna Brahman has been a part of the reality of the Hindu tradition along with the bhakti for Saguna Brahman. The main features of the Bhakti movement include-. Helmut Anheier and Stefan Toepler (2009). [85], The Bhakti movement led to devotional transformation of medieval Hindu society, wherein Vedic rituals or alternatively ascetic monk-like lifestyle for moksha gave way to individualistic loving relationship with a personally defined god. The Sufi saints of the Muslims also emphasized devotion to Allah (God). The Nayanars were devotees of Lord Shiva, whereas the Alvars were devotees of Lord Vishnu. Bhakti Movement: Meaning, Features and Impact - History Discussion [85] Nirguna Brahman was the concept of the Ultimate Reality as formless, without attributes or quality. [82] Several 11th and 12th century writers developed different philosophies within the Vedanta school of Hinduism, which were influential to the Bhakti tradition in medieval India. Therefore, popular dissatisfaction against the existing social religious evils was a major catalyst behind the spread of Bhakti movement all over India for a long period of time. The Hindu saints of India were influenced by the liberal approach of Sufism. The Kama connotes emotional connection, sometimes with sensual devotion and erotic love. This aspect of tenacity and sheer devotion turned many minds to breaking peoples superstitious beliefs about the lower-caste category. On the other hand the Muslims also appreciated that the Hindus were in absolute majority and it was impossible to force all of them to embrace Islam. The Bhakti exponents raised their powerful voice against different types of immoral acts like infanticide and sati and encouraged prohibition of wine, tobacco and toddy. Gyan marga Attaining salvation through learning and understanding. [10] In turn it influenced devotional practices in Islam such as Sufism,[56] and other religions in India from the 15th century onwards, such as Sikhism, Christianity,[57] and Jainism. As Bhakti movement stressed upon Bhakti or a passionate feeling of love for God, purification of the self was very essential for them. Get answers to the most common queries related to the UPSC Examination Preparation. A devotee of Mother Goddess or Devi can chant various Mantras or chant attached to Devi. These were. Salient features of Bhakti Movement The Bhakti movement was based on the principles of monotheism and it generally criticized idol worship. In Orissa, a new trend was started in Oriya literature due to the Bhakti movement and medieval Vaishnavism of Shri Chaitanya. In the ancient period Hinduism had to face challenges from new religions like Buddhism and Jainism. The Bhakti movement was a tendency in Hinduism during medieval periods, notably from the late 7th century to the 17th century. [86] Two 12th-century influential treatises on bhakti were Sandilya Bhakti Sutra a treatise resonating with Nirguna-bhakti, and Narada Bhakti Sutra a treatise that leans towards Saguna-bhakti.
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main features of bhakti movement