Northern lights (aurora borealis): What they are & how to see them total internal reflection The trapping of light by refraction and reflection at critical angles inside a semiconductor device so that it cannot escape the device and must be eventually absorbed by the semiconductor. dopant A chemical element (impurity) added in small amounts to an otherwise pure semiconductor material to modify the electrical properties of the material. Siemens process A commercial method of making purified silicon. One or more cells constitute a battery. passivation A chemical reaction that eliminates the detrimental effect of electrically reactive atoms on a solar cells surface. The junction lies at the center of the cell barrier or depletion zone. The switches are power semiconductors that can carry a large current and withstand a high voltage rating. Whe, Posted 5 years ago. series controller A charge controller that interrupts the charging current by open-circuiting the photovoltaic (PV) array. ingot A casting of material, usually crystalline silicon, from which slices or wafers can be cut for use in a solar cell. We frequently express it in terms of Ah (ampere time) or mAh (milliampere time). polycrystalline thin film A thin film made of multicrystalline material. surge capacity The maximum power, usually 3-5 times the rated power, that can be provided over a short time. open-circuit voltage (Voc) The maximum possible voltage across a photovoltaic cell; the voltage across the cell in sunlight when no current is flowing. In fact, this is why different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light: the "energy gaps" between the orbitals are different in each pigment, meaning that photons of different wavelengths are needed in each case to provide an energy boost that matches the gap. The 1984 and later editions of the NEC contain Article 690, Solar Photovoltaic Systems which should be followed when installing a PV system. photovoltaic (PV) generator The total of all PV strings of a PV power supply system, which are electrically interconnected. P packing factor The ratio of array area to actual land area or building envelope area for a system; or, the ratio of total solar cell area to the total module area, for a module. electrochemical cell A device containing two conducting electrodes, one positive and the other negative, made of dissimilar materials (usually metals) that are immersed in a chemical solution (electrolyte) that transmits positive ions from the negative to the positive electrode and thus forms an electrical charge. The different regions of the solar spectrum are described by their wavelength range. Before we get started, we must grasp the fundamental differences between solar and LED lighting. An hour in the morning that receives an average of 500 W/m of sunlight is equal to 0.5 peak sun hours. copper zinc tin sulfide/selenide (CZTS) A polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material. peak power tracking See maximum power tracking. When a pigment absorbs a photon of light, it becomes, Only a photon with just the right amount of energy to bump an electron between orbitals can excite a pigment. tracking array A photovoltaic (PV) array that follows the path of the sun to maximize the solar radiation incident on the PV surface. direct beam radiation Radiation received by direct solar rays. They are typically used to measure the brightness of a light source. stratification A condition that occurs when the acid concentration varies from top to bottom in the battery electrolyte. stand-alone system An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid. blocking diode A semiconductor connected in series with a solar cell or cells and a storage battery to keep the battery from discharging through the cell when there is no output, or low output, from the solar cell.
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what does w and c mean on solar lights